View source for ERF for short term PM2.5 exposure and restricted activity days (RADs)

{{variable|moderator = Virpi Kollanus}}

[[Category: CLAIH]]
[[Category: PM exposure health effects]]



== Scope ==


Exposure-response function for short-term (acute) exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm and restricted activity days (RADs). RAD is defined as a day when a person needs to change his/her normal activities because of ill-health. It is based on surveys among general population. In terms of severity, RADs include: 1) days needed to stay in bed, 2) days of work/school (WLS) and 3) days of other, less serious restrictions on normal activity (MRADs).

'''Dimensions and boundaries relevant for the variable
*Age of exposed population
*Country/other geographic area

== Definition ==

=== Data ===


'''''Ostro (1987) <ref>Ostro BD (1987). Air pollution and morbidity revisited: a specification test. J Environ Econ Manage, 14: 87-98.</ref>

Restricted activity days (RADs) among adults aged 15-64:
*0.475% (95% Cl 0.417%, 0.533%) increase in RADs per 1 µg/m<sup>3</sup> PM<sub>2.5</sub>
*change of 902 RADs (95% Cl 792, 1013) per 10 µg/m<sup>3</sup> PM<sub>2.5</sub> per 1000 adults 
**Assumes a background rate of 19 RADs per person per year, equivalent to a prevelance of 5.2%<ref>ORNL/RFF (1994). Estimating Externalities of the Coal Fuel Cycle. Report 3 on the external costs and benefits of fuel cycles. A study by the US department of Energy and the Commission of the European Communities. Prepared by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Resources for the Future. McGraw Hill.</ref>

=== Causality ===


=== Unit ===


Increase in no. of RADs per 10 µg/m3 increase in exposure per 1000 people aged 15-64

=== Formula ===


== Result ==


{|{{prettytable}}
! Age group
! RADs
! 95% Cl
|-----
| 15-64
| 902
| 792, 1013
|}

==See also==


*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/cafe/pdf/cba_methodology_vol2.pdf Service Contract for Carrying out Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Related Issues, in particular in the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme. Volume 2: Health Impact Assessment. AEA Technology Environment, 2005.]
*[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/results/RS1b/NEEDS_Rs1b_D3.7.pdf NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, Deliverable 3.7 "A set of concentration-response function", Integrated Project, Sixth Framework Programme, Project no. 502687.]

==References==


<references/>